Between Life and Death: Physician Accounts Near Cebu City

The Philippines has a rich medical history blending indigenous healing traditions with Western medicine introduced during the Spanish colonial period. Traditional Filipino healing, practiced by the albularyo (herbalist-healer) and hilot (massage healer/midwife), draws on extensive knowledge of the archipelago's medicinal plants and is still widely practiced, especially in rural areas. The Spanish colonial period established formal medical education, with the University of Santo Tomas Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, founded in 1871, being the oldest medical school in Asia. Filipino physician José Rizal, the national hero, was trained as an ophthalmologist and exemplified the deep connection between medicine and national identity.

Modern Philippine medicine has produced notable achievements despite resource constraints. The Philippine General Hospital (PGH), established in 1907 and affiliated with the University of the Philippines, remains the country's premier public medical center and training ground for physicians. Filipino doctors and nurses serve healthcare systems worldwide — the Philippines is the largest exporter of nurses globally, reflecting both the excellence of Filipino medical training and the economic pressures that drive emigration. The country has contributed to tropical medicine research, and Filipino physicians are recognized for expertise in managing diseases endemic to the tropics. Dr. Fe del Mundo, the first Asian woman admitted to Harvard Medical School (1936), revolutionized Philippine pediatric care and established the first pediatric hospital in the Philippines.

The Philippines possesses one of Southeast Asia's most vibrant and enduring supernatural traditions, reflecting centuries of layered cultural influence from indigenous animism, Spanish colonial Catholicism, and broader Southeast Asian folk beliefs. The aswang, the most feared creature in Filipino folklore, is a shape-shifting monster that can appear as a beautiful woman by day but transforms at night into a winged, viscera-eating predator that targets pregnant women and the sick. Belief in the aswang remains strong in rural Philippines, particularly in the Visayas region, where specific towns — such as Capiz province — are historically associated with aswang activity. The manananggal is a related entity: a woman who can sever her upper body from her torso and fly through the night with batlike wings, trailing her entrails as she searches for victims.

Filipino ghost lore includes a vast array of supernatural beings drawn from pre-colonial Austronesian mythology. The tikbalang is a creature with the head and hooves of a horse but the body of a man, which lurks in bamboo groves and leads travelers astray. The duwende (from Spanish duende) are dwarf-like earth spirits that can bestow fortune or cause illness depending on whether they're treated with respect. The white lady (multo) — a female ghost in a white dress — is among the most commonly reported ghostly apparitions in the Philippines, with sightings associated with specific locations throughout Metro Manila and the provinces. The tiyanak, the ghost of a dead infant or aborted fetus, takes the form of a crying baby in the forest to lure victims.

The Philippines' unique religious character — it is the only predominantly Catholic nation in Asia, with over 80% of the population identifying as Roman Catholic — creates a fascinating duality in supernatural belief. Filipino Catholics commonly integrate indigenous spiritual practices with Catholic devotion: attending Mass in the morning and consulting an albularyo (folk healer) in the afternoon, or wearing Catholic scapulars alongside anting-anting (protective amulets rooted in pre-colonial shamanism). This syncretic spirituality means that belief in ghosts, miracles, and supernatural healing coexists seamlessly with devout Catholic practice, creating one of the world's most spiritually layered cultures.

The Philippines, with its deep Catholic devotion, is one of the most prolific sources of miracle claims in Asia. The Santo Niño de Cebú (Holy Child of Cebu), an image of the infant Jesus given by Magellan to the Queen of Cebu in 1521, is venerated as a miraculous icon, with the Basilica Minore del Santo Niño maintaining extensive records of attributed healings. The annual feast of the Black Nazarene in Manila draws millions of barefoot devotees who believe that touching the centuries-old dark wooden statue of Jesus carrying the cross can heal illness and grant miracles. Marian apparition claims have occurred at multiple Philippine sites, including the 1948 apparitions at Lipa in Batangas, which generated claims of miraculous rose petal showers. Faith healers in the Philippines, particularly the psychic surgeons of the Cordillera region, attracted international attention in the mid-20th century with claims of performing surgery with bare hands — most notably Eleuterio Terte and Tony Agpaoa — though these practices have been widely criticized as fraudulent.

County fairs near Cebu City, Visayas host health screenings that reach populations who would never visit a doctor's office voluntarily. Between the pig races and the pie-eating contest, fairgoers get their blood pressure checked, their vision tested, and their cholesterol measured. The fair transforms preventive medicine from a clinical obligation into a community event—and the corn dog they eat afterward is part of the healing, too.

The Midwest's tradition of barn raisings—communities gathering to build what no individual could construct alone—finds its medical equivalent near Cebu City, Visayas in the fundraising dinners, charity auctions, and GoFundMe campaigns that pay for neighbors' medical bills. The Midwest doesn't wait for insurance to cover everything. It passes the hat, fills the plate, and does what needs to be done.

Czech freethinker communities near Cebu City, Visayas—immigrants who rejected organized religion in the 19th century—created a secular humanitarian tradition that functions like faith without the theology. Their fraternal lodges built hospitals, funded medical education, and cared for the sick with the same communal devotion that religious communities display. The absence of God in their framework didn't diminish their commitment to healing; it concentrated it on the human.

Evangelical Christian physicians near Cebu City, Visayas navigate a daily tension between their faith's call to witness and their profession's requirement of neutrality. The physician who silently prays for a patient before entering the room is practicing a form of faith-medicine integration that respects both callings. The patient never knows about the prayer, but the physician believes it matters—and the extra moment of centered attention undeniably improves the encounter.

Amish and Mennonite communities near Cebu City, Visayas don't typically report hospital ghost stories—their theology doesn't accommodate restless spirits. But physicians who serve these communities note something that might be the inverse of a haunting: an extraordinary stillness in rooms where Amish patients are dying, as if the community's collective faith creates a zone of peace that displaces whatever else might be present.

The Midwest's one-room schoolhouses, many of which were converted to medical clinics before being abandoned, have seeded ghost stories near Cebu City, Visayas that blend education and medicine. The ghost of the schoolteacher-turned-nurse—a Depression-era figure who taught children by day and dressed wounds by night—appears in rural medical facilities across the heartland, forever multitasking between her two callings.

Barbara Cummiskey's recovery from progressive multiple sclerosis, which Dr. Kolbaba presents as one of the central cases in "Physicians' Untold Stories," is remarkable not only for its dramatic clinical course but for the quality of its medical documentation. Cummiskey's diagnosis was confirmed by multiple neurologists using MRI imaging that showed characteristic brain lesions. Her progressive decline was documented over years, with serial examinations demonstrating increasing disability consistent with the natural history of progressive MS. Her dependence on mechanical ventilation was verified by respiratory function tests. In short, every aspect of her illness was documented to a standard that would satisfy the most demanding medical reviewer.

The documentation of her recovery is equally thorough. Following her sudden improvement — she rose from bed, removed her ventilator, and walked — repeat MRI imaging showed that the brain lesions previously documented had disappeared entirely. Her neurological examination returned to normal. Follow-up examinations over subsequent years confirmed the durability of her recovery. For neurologists in Cebu City, Visayas, the Cummiskey case is uniquely important because it eliminates many of the objections typically raised against claims of miraculous healing: misdiagnosis, spontaneous relapsing-remitting course (she had the progressive form), placebo effect (her brain lesions objectively resolved), and observer bias (imaging is objective). What remains is a documented recovery from a progressive, irreversible neurological disease — a recovery for which current neuroscience has no explanation.

The concept of "niche construction" in evolutionary biology — the idea that organisms actively modify their environments in ways that change the selection pressures they face — offers an unexpected lens through which to view the recoveries documented in "Physicians' Untold Stories." Just as organisms construct physical niches that support their survival, patients who experience spontaneous remission often appear to construct psychological and social niches that support healing: they cultivate spiritual practices, strengthen social bonds, change their diets, resolve emotional conflicts, and fundamentally alter their relationship to their illness.

This "healing niche construction" may not be coincidental. Research in psychoneuroimmunology has shown that each of these changes — increased spirituality, stronger social connections, dietary changes, emotional resolution — can independently influence immune function. When multiple changes occur simultaneously, their effects may be synergistic, creating conditions in which the immune system's latent anticancer capacity is maximally activated. For evolutionary biologists and medical researchers in Cebu City, Visayas, this framework offers a way to understand spontaneous remission not as a random event but as the product of a coherent, if unconscious, strategy of self-healing — a strategy that Dr. Kolbaba's case documentation illuminates in rich clinical detail.

The concept of "healing environments" in healthcare architecture has gained increasing attention from hospital designers and administrators who recognize that the physical environment in which care is delivered can influence patient outcomes. Research by Roger Ulrich and others has demonstrated that elements such as natural light, views of nature, access to gardens, and quiet spaces for reflection can reduce pain medication requirements, shorten hospital stays, and improve patient satisfaction. These findings suggest that healing is influenced not only by the treatments patients receive but by the environments in which they receive them.

Dr. Kolbaba's "Physicians' Untold Stories" extends this environmental perspective by documenting cases where the spiritual environment — the presence of prayer, the availability of chaplaincy services, the support of a faith community — appeared to contribute to healing outcomes. For healthcare architects and administrators in Cebu City, Visayas, these cases argue that healing environments should encompass not only physical design elements but spiritual ones: chapel spaces, meditation rooms, and institutional cultures that honor the spiritual dimension of patient care. The book suggests that the most healing environment is one that addresses all dimensions of the human experience — physical, psychological, social, and spiritual.