True Stories From the Hospitals of Pingyao

China is the birthplace of one of the world's oldest continuous medical traditions. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), with roots stretching back over 2,500 years, is based on concepts of qi (vital energy), yin-yang balance, and the five elements. The Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine), compiled around the 2nd century BCE, remains a foundational text. Hua Tuo (c. 140-208 CE) is celebrated as the first surgeon to use general anesthesia (mafeisan) during operations, and Li Shizhen's 16th-century Bencao Gangmu (Comperta of Materia Medica) catalogued over 1,800 medicinal substances. Acupuncture, herbal medicine, and practices like qigong and tai chi continue to be widely practiced alongside Western medicine.

Modern Chinese medicine achieved a landmark in 2015 when Tu Youyou won the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for discovering artemisinin, an antimalarial compound derived from the traditional Chinese herb qinghao (sweet wormwood, Artemisia annua). This discovery, which has saved millions of lives, beautifully exemplifies the bridge between ancient herbal knowledge and modern pharmacology. China's healthcare system has undergone massive expansion, with institutions like Peking Union Medical College Hospital (founded 1921 by the Rockefeller Foundation) serving as centers of excellence. China also pioneered variolation — an early form of smallpox inoculation — centuries before Edward Jenner developed vaccination in England.

China's ghost traditions span over three millennia and are deeply embedded in the fabric of Chinese civilization, drawing from Confucian ancestor worship, Taoist cosmology, and Buddhist theology. The Chinese concept of gui (鬼) encompasses a vast taxonomy of spirits, from benevolent ancestral ghosts who protect their descendants to malevolent hungry ghosts (饿鬼, è guǐ) who were denied proper burial or mourning rites. The Hungry Ghost Festival (中元节, Zhōngyuán Jié), observed on the fifteenth day of the seventh lunar month, is one of China's most important supernatural observances. During this period, the gates of the underworld are believed to open, releasing spirits to roam the earth. Families burn joss paper (representing money), paper houses, cars, and even paper smartphones as offerings to ensure their deceased relatives' comfort in the afterlife, while elaborate Taoist and Buddhist ceremonies are performed to appease wandering ghosts.

Perhaps China's most iconic supernatural figure is the jiangshi (僵尸), the "stiff corpse" or hopping vampire, a reanimated cadaver that moves by hopping with outstretched arms. Rooted in Qing Dynasty folklore, jiangshi were said to be created when a person died far from home and a Taoist priest would reanimate the body to "hop" it back for proper burial — a practice possibly inspired by the real tradition of transporting corpses over mountains using bamboo poles, which gave the appearance of hopping. Chinese ghost lore also features the nü gui (女鬼), a female ghost typically dressed in red who died unjustly and returns for vengeance, and the yuan gui (冤鬼), ghosts of those who died from injustice who haunt the living until their grievances are addressed.

The Chinese afterlife is conceived as a vast bureaucratic underworld called Diyu (地狱), presided over by Yanluo Wang (the King of Hell, adapted from the Hindu Yama) and staffed by judges who review the moral record of each soul. This underworld contains multiple courts and levels of punishment, reflecting the Confucian emphasis on moral accountability. The concept of ancestor worship — maintaining tablets, offering food and incense at household altars, and performing ceremonies during Qingming Festival (Tomb Sweeping Day) — remains one of Chinese civilization's most enduring practices, reflecting the belief that the dead continue to influence the fortunes of the living.

China's vast history contains numerous accounts of miraculous healings, many associated with Taoist immortals, Buddhist bodhisattvas, and folk deities. Guanyin (Avalokiteśvara), the Bodhisattva of Compassion, is widely venerated as a healer, and temples dedicated to Guanyin — such as the Putuoshan temple complex in Zhejiang Province — maintain extensive records of attributed miraculous cures spanning centuries. In TCM, the concept of "miraculous" healing is often framed differently than in the West, with practitioners pointing to cases where correct qi alignment produced seemingly impossible recoveries. Modern Chinese hospitals have documented cases of spontaneous remission that combine elements of traditional practice and unexplained phenomena. The qigong movement of the 1980s and 1990s produced numerous claims of extraordinary healing abilities, some investigated by Chinese Academy of Sciences researchers, though many remained controversial.

Amish and Mennonite communities near Pingyao, Shanxi don't typically report hospital ghost stories—their theology doesn't accommodate restless spirits. But physicians who serve these communities note something that might be the inverse of a haunting: an extraordinary stillness in rooms where Amish patients are dying, as if the community's collective faith creates a zone of peace that displaces whatever else might be present.

The Midwest's one-room schoolhouses, many of which were converted to medical clinics before being abandoned, have seeded ghost stories near Pingyao, Shanxi that blend education and medicine. The ghost of the schoolteacher-turned-nurse—a Depression-era figure who taught children by day and dressed wounds by night—appears in rural medical facilities across the heartland, forever multitasking between her two callings.

Research at the University of Iowa near Pingyao, Shanxi into the effects of ketamine and other dissociative anesthetics has revealed pharmacological parallels to NDEs that complicate the 'dying brain' hypothesis. If a drug can produce an experience structurally identical to an NDE in a healthy, living brain, then NDEs may not be products of death at all—they may be products of a neurochemical process that death happens to trigger.

Pediatric cardiologists near Pingyao, Shanxi encounter childhood NDEs with increasing frequency as survival rates for congenital heart defects improve. These children's accounts—simple, unadorned, and free of religious or cultural overlay—provide some of the most compelling NDE data in the literature. A five-year-old who describes meeting a grandmother she never knew, and correctly identifies her from a photograph, presents a research challenge that deserves more than dismissal.

County fairs near Pingyao, Shanxi host health screenings that reach populations who would never visit a doctor's office voluntarily. Between the pig races and the pie-eating contest, fairgoers get their blood pressure checked, their vision tested, and their cholesterol measured. The fair transforms preventive medicine from a clinical obligation into a community event—and the corn dog they eat afterward is part of the healing, too.

The Midwest's tradition of barn raisings—communities gathering to build what no individual could construct alone—finds its medical equivalent near Pingyao, Shanxi in the fundraising dinners, charity auctions, and GoFundMe campaigns that pay for neighbors' medical bills. The Midwest doesn't wait for insurance to cover everything. It passes the hat, fills the plate, and does what needs to be done.

The role of intercessory prayer in clinical practice has been investigated from a health services research perspective, with findings relevant to understanding the physician experiences described in "Physicians' Untold Stories" by Dr. Scott Kolbaba. A systematic review by Astin, Harkness, and Ernst, published in the Annals of Internal Medicine in 2000, identified 23 trials examining the effects of distant healing interventions, including prayer, on clinical outcomes. Of these, 13 (57%) showed statistically significant positive effects, 9 showed no effect, and 1 showed a negative effect. The review noted significant methodological variation across studies, making definitive conclusions difficult. More recently, Hodge's 2007 meta-analysis published in Research on Social Work Practice examined 17 controlled studies and found a small but statistically significant effect of intercessory prayer on medical outcomes (effect size d = 0.171, p = 0.015). Critics, including Edzard Ernst, have argued that methodological weaknesses—including inadequate blinding, variable prayer protocols, and the impossibility of preventing uncontrolled prayer—undermine these findings. Supporters counter that the consistent direction of effect across studies and the statistical significance of meta-analytic results warrant continued investigation rather than dismissal. For physicians and researchers in Pingyao, Shanxi, this literature provides important context for the individual cases in Kolbaba's book. While the effect sizes in controlled studies are small, they are consistent with the hypothesis that prayer has clinical effects. The dramatic individual cases in "Physicians' Untold Stories" may represent the extreme end of a distribution of prayer effects—rare but real events in which the typical small effect is amplified by factors that current research has not yet identified.

Dale Matthews's research at Georgetown University Medical Center, summarized in his landmark book "The Faith Factor" (1998), represents one of the most systematic attempts to quantify the health effects of religious practice. Matthews analyzed over 325 published studies and found that religious commitment—defined as regular attendance at worship services, private prayer, and scriptural study—was associated with reduced risk for 19 of 19 medical conditions studied, including heart disease, hypertension, cancer, depression, and substance abuse. The magnitude of the effects was comparable to, and in some cases exceeded, the effects of established medical interventions. Matthews's analysis was notable for its methodological rigor: he used standard epidemiological criteria to evaluate each study, controlling for confounders such as socioeconomic status, health behaviors, and social support. His findings survived these controls, suggesting that religious commitment exerts health effects through pathways that go beyond the behavioral and social mechanisms that religious practice promotes. For physicians in Pingyao, Shanxi, Matthews's quantitative findings provide a statistical backdrop for the individual cases described in "Physicians' Untold Stories" by Dr. Scott Kolbaba. While Kolbaba's accounts are qualitative and case-based rather than statistical, they are consistent with Matthews's conclusion that religious practice influences health through mechanisms that current medical science has not fully identified. The convergence of population-level statistics and individual clinical narratives creates a more compelling picture than either could produce alone, suggesting that the intersection of faith and healing deserves the sustained attention of the medical research community.

The concept of "synchronicity," introduced by Carl Jung in collaboration with physicist Wolfgang Pauli, provides an analytical framework for understanding the remarkable timing of events described in physician accounts of divine intervention. Jung defined synchronicity as "meaningful coincidences" that occur with no apparent causal connection but are experienced as deeply significant by the observer. He proposed that synchronistic events arise from an "acausal connecting principle" that links the inner world of psychological meaning with the outer world of physical events. Pauli, a Nobel laureate in physics, contributed the theoretical insight that quantum mechanics had already undermined strict causality as a universal principle, making room for acausal patterns in nature. For physicians in Pingyao, Shanxi, the concept of synchronicity offers a language for describing experiences that feature prominently in "Physicians' Untold Stories" by Dr. Scott Kolbaba: the specialist who happens to be in the building, the test ordered on a hunch, the equipment malfunction that delays a procedure until the patient's condition changes. These events are experienced as meaningful by the physicians who witness them, and their timing is too precise to dismiss as random chance, yet they resist explanation in terms of conventional causality. Jung's framework suggests that these events may reflect a layer of order in the universe that operates alongside, but independently of, the causal mechanisms that science has identified. For readers in Pingyao, this framework provides an alternative to the binary choice between "miracle" and "coincidence"—a conceptual space in which the events described in Kolbaba's book can be examined with both scientific rigor and openness to mystery.

Interfaith perspectives on divine healing reveal a remarkable convergence across religious traditions. In Christianity, healing miracles are documented throughout the New Testament. In Islam, the Quran describes healing as an attribute of Allah. In Judaism, the prayer for healing (Mi Sheberach) is a central liturgical practice. Hindu traditions recognize the healing powers of prayer and meditation, while Buddhist practices emphasize the connection between mental states and physical well-being. Physicians in Pingyao, Shanxi encounter patients from all these traditions and others, each bringing their own framework for understanding the intersection of faith and healing.

"Physicians' Untold Stories" by Dr. Scott Kolbaba is notable for its interfaith sensibility. The accounts in the book come from physicians and patients of diverse religious backgrounds, yet the experiences they describe share striking similarities: the sense of a benevolent presence, the conviction that the outcome was guided rather than random, and the lasting impact on the physician's understanding of their own practice. For the diverse faith communities of Pingyao, this convergence suggests that divine intervention in healing may not be the province of any single tradition but a universal phenomenon experienced and interpreted through the lens of each culture's spiritual vocabulary.

The relationship between physician spirituality and patient care is a subject of growing research interest that has particular relevance for the medical community in Pingyao, Shanxi. A 2005 study published in the Journal of General Internal Medicine found that physicians who described themselves as spiritual were more likely to discuss spiritual issues with patients, to refer patients to chaplains, and to view the patient as a whole person rather than a collection of symptoms. These physicians also reported higher levels of professional satisfaction and lower rates of burnout.

"Physicians' Untold Stories" by Dr. Scott Kolbaba contributes to this research by documenting how witnessing divine intervention affects physicians' subsequent practice. Several accounts in the book describe physicians whose encounters with the unexplainable led them to become more attentive listeners, more holistic practitioners, and more humble in the face of uncertainty. For the medical community in Pingyao, these accounts suggest that openness to the spiritual dimensions of healing may benefit not only patients but also the physicians who care for them—a finding that has implications for medical education, professional development, and the cultivation of resilient, compassionate practitioners.

The Lourdes Medical Bureau's evaluation process for alleged miraculous cures represents the most sustained and rigorous institutional effort to apply medical science to claims of divine healing. Established by Professor Vergez in 1883 and reorganized under the current International Medical Committee of Lourdes (CMIL) in 1947, the Bureau requires that every alleged cure meet seven criteria: (1) the original diagnosis must be established with certainty; (2) the prognosis must exclude the possibility of natural recovery; (3) the cure must occur without the use of medical treatment that could account for it, or the treatment used must have been demonstrably ineffective; (4) the cure must be sudden, occurring within hours or days; (5) the cure must be complete, with full restoration of function; (6) the cure must be lasting, typically requiring a minimum observation period of several years; and (7) there must be no relapse. As of 2024, only 70 cures have been recognized as "beyond medical explanation" out of thousands submitted—a rate of acceptance that underscores the Bureau's commitment to eliminating false positives. For physicians in Pingyao, Shanxi, the Lourdes criteria offer a model for evaluating the cases described in "Physicians' Untold Stories" by Dr. Scott Kolbaba. While none of Kolbaba's cases underwent the Lourdes Bureau's formal review process, many of them appear to meet several of the Bureau's criteria: sudden onset of cure, completeness of recovery, and the absence of medical treatment sufficient to explain the outcome. The existence of an institutional framework for evaluating such cases demonstrates that divine healing claims can be subjected to rigorous scrutiny without being dismissed a priori.